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The effect of a subject-specific AFO on the muscle activation during gait of a test subject suffering from a hemiparetic anterior muscle insufficiency in the lower leg
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research volume 5, Article number: P6 (2012)
Background
An Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) is commonly used in clinical practice to assist gait of patients with different pathologies. The flexibility of the AFO depends on different design characteristics while specific mechanical requirements of the AFO are correlated with patient anatomy and pathology. To this day, the correlation between AFO-design and patient pathology is mainly based on the orthopaedic technician’s experience.
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the stiffness of an AFO on the muscle-activation pattern of a subject suffering from an anterior muscle insufficiency of the lower leg using a personalized musculoskeletal model.
Materials and methods
Test subject was a 40-year old male suffering from a hemiparetic anterior muscle insufficiency of the lower leg. A musculoskeletal model of the lower limbs with 23 degrees of freedom and 92 muscles was scaled in OpenSim to match the test subject’s anthropometric data [1]. Muscle-definitions were adapted to simulate the patients’ pathology.
A subject specific AFO was constructed using the selective laser sintering technique [2]. The actual stiffness of the AFO was determined using finite element analysis [3] and was 258 Nm/rad.
Marker trajectories of an AFO-gait were used to calculate kinematic parameters and muscle-activation during gait using the musculoskeletal model. The AFO was simulated as an angle-dependent torque around the ankle with a neutral angle of 0°. The stiffness of the AFO was varied between 150 and 350 Nm/rad in steps of 25 Nm/rad.
Results
Results showed alternating muscle-activation in the affected lower leg with increasing AFO-stiffness. No clear correlation could be found between AFO-stiffness and muscle-activation.
Conclusion
An optimal AFO-stiffness in terms of muscle-activation can be selected for the patient. It must be kept in mind that these results are based on a calculation with a neutral AFO ankle position of 0°, and changing this neutral angle, affects the results.
References
Delp SL, Anderson FC, Arnold AS, Loan P, Habib A, John CT, Guendelman E, Thelen DG: OpenSim: Open-Source Software to Create and Analyze Dynamic Simulations of Movement. IEEE Trans Biom Eng. 2007, 54: 1940-1950.
Pallari JHP, Dalgarno KW, Munguia J, Muraru L, Peeraer L, Telfer S, Woodburn J: Design and Additive Fabrication of Foot and Ankle-Foot Orthoses. Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, 9-11. 2010, August , Austin, Texas, USA
Muraru L, Creylman V, Pallari J, Willemsen R, Vander Sloten J, Peeraer L: Evaluation of functional parameters of ankle foot orthoses for different materials and design characteristics. Proceedings of the 13th World Congress of the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics, May 10-15. 2010
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Creylman, V., Muraru, L., Vertommen, H. et al. The effect of a subject-specific AFO on the muscle activation during gait of a test subject suffering from a hemiparetic anterior muscle insufficiency in the lower leg. J Foot Ankle Res 5 (Suppl 1), P6 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-5-S1-P6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-5-S1-P6